David Aaker and Kelvin Lane Keller developed the brand equity models. Let us learn about both the models.

Aaker’s Brand Equity Model

David Aaker defines brand equity as a set of assets and liabilities linked to a brand that add value to or subtract value from the product or service under that brand. He developed a brand equity model (also called Five Assets Model) in which he identifies five brand equity components −

Brand Loyalty                         

The following factors depict the extent to which customers are loyal to a brand −

●      Reduced Costs − Maintaining loyal customers is cheaper than charming new ones.

●      Trade Leverage − The loyal customers generate steady source of revenue.

●      Bringing New Customers − Existing customers boost brand awareness and can bring new customers.

●      Competitive Threats Response Time − Loyal customers take time to switch to a new product or service offered by other brand. Hence this buys time for the company to respond to competitive threats.

Brand Awareness

The following measures depict the extent to which a brand is widely known among consumers −

●      Association Anchors − Depending upon the brand strength, associations can be attached to the brand which influence brand awareness.

●      Familiarity − The consumers familiar with a brand will speak more about it and thus, influence brand awareness.

●      Substantiality − Consumers’ review on brand brings substantial and strong commitment towards the brand.

●      Consumer’s Consideration − At the time of purchasing, consumer looks for a particular brand.

Perceived Quality

It is the extent to which a brand is believed to provide quality products. It can be measured on the following criteria −

●      Quality − The quality itself is the reason to buy.

●      Brand Position − This is a level of differentiation as compared to competing brands. Higher the position, higher is the perceived quality.

●      Price − When quality of the product is too complex to assess and consumer’s status comes into picture, the consumer takes price as a quality indicator.

●      Wide Availability − Consumers take widely available product as a reliable one.

●      Number of Brand Extensions − The consumers tend to take a brand with more extensions as a measure of product guarantee.

Brand Associations

It is the degree to which a specific product/service is recognized within its product or service category. For example, a person asking for Xerox wants to actually make true copies of a paper document.

●      Information Retrieval − It is the extent to which the brand name is able to retrieve or process the associations from consumer’s memory.

●      Drive Purchasing − This is the extent to which brand associations drive consumers to purchase.

●      Attitude − This is the extent to which brand associations create positive attitude in the consumer’s mind.

●      Number of Brand Extensions − More the extensions, more the opportunity to add brand associations.

Proprietary Assets

They are patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights. More the number of proprietary assets a brand has, greater is the brand’s competency in the market.

Keller’s Brand Equity Model

This model is developed by Kelvin Lane Keller, a marketing professor at Dartmouth College. It is based on the idea that the power of a brand lies in what the consumer has heard, learnt, felt, and seen as a brand over time. Hence this model is also termed as Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE) model.

According to CBBE model, it takes answers to four basic questions for building brand equity starting from the base of the pyramid shown above −

●      Who are you? (Brand Identity)

●      What are you? (Brand Meaning)

●      What do I feel or think about you? (Brand Responses)

●      What type and extent of association I would like to have with you? (Brand Relationships)

Brand Identity

It is not only how often and easily the consumer can recall or recognize the brand but also where and when he thinks of the brand. The key is to create brand salience to acquiring correct brand identity.

Brand Meaning

According to Keller, to make the brand meaningful it is essential to create a brand image and characteristics. Brand meaning arises out of brand associations, which can be imagery-related or function-related.

The imagery-related associations depict how well the brand meets social and psychological needs of the consumer. The function-related association such as product or service performance is what the consumer looks for primarily.

Regardless of the type of product or service, developing and delivering the product that completely satisfies the customer’s needs and demands is the prime objective of making the brand meaningful. A brand with the right identity and meaning creates a sense of relevance in the consumer’s mind.

Brand Responses

The companies must cater for the consumer’s response. Keller segregates these responses into consumer’s judgments and consumer’s feelings.

●      Consumer Judgments − They are consumer’s personal opinions regarding the brand and how he has put imagery-related and performance-related associations together. There are four types of judgments crucial for creating a strong brand −

ü  Quality

ü  Credibility

ü  Consideration

ü  Superiority

●      Consumer Feelings − They are consumer’s emotional reactions to the brand. They can be mild, intense, positive, negative, driven from heart or head. There are six important feelings crucial in brand building −

ü  Warmth

ü  Fun

ü  Excitement

ü  Security

ü  Social approval

ü  Self-respect

Brand Relationships

It is the level of personal identification the consumer has with the brand. It is also called brand resonance, when a consumer has a deep psychological bonding with the brand. Brand resonance is the most difficult and highly desirable level to achieve. Keller categorizes this into four types −

●      Behavioral Loyalty − Consumers may purchase a brand repeatedly or in high volume.

●      Attitudinal Attachment − Some consumers may buy a brand because it is their favorite possession or out of some pleasure.

●      Sense of Community − Being identified with a brand community develops kinship in the consumer’s mind towards representatives, employees, or other people associated with the brand.

●      Active Engagement − Consumers invests time, money, energy, or other resources and participates actively in brand chat rooms, blogs, etc., beyond mere consumption of brand. Thus, the consumers strengthen the brand.